Poverty Decomposition For High And Low Users of Climate Smart Agricultural Techniques in Northwest Nigeria (Published)
Climate change projections estimate that developing countries who are least prepared for the changes in climate will be the most affected. Meanwhile, the already existing poverty in Nigeria is alarming and climate change threatens food security and poverty to a large extent. It was on this note that the study measured poverty levels for high and low users of climate smart agricultural practices of small holder farming households in North-West Nigeria. The study employed primary data using questionnaire instruments and focus group discussion in the North West region of Nigeria. The FGT Index model, Equally Distributed Equivalent (EDE) FGT, watts index, Sen, Shorrocks and Thon index were employed to decompose the monetary dimensions of poverty while Chakravarty et al (1998) technique, extended watts, extended FGT and Alkire and Foster were employed to decompose the non-monetary dimension. The findings show that poverty rate was higher for low-users of climate smart agricultural practices than for high-users for all dimensions under consideration and for all the decomposition techniques. This implies that farmers should make conscious efforts to practice climate smart agriculture regardless of their poverty status due to the fact that poverty resides more with low-users. It could be as a result of the fact that high-users make their production sustainable by practicing CSA and consequently high yields that might in turn reduce their poverty status. There is need for significant empowerment of the farmers, given that some of the climate smart agricultural practices have cost implications and require extra money to fund.
Keywords: Agriculture, Climate, Nigeria, Northwest, Poverty
Air Pollution: A Threat to the Efficiency of Porous Pavements (Published)
Over the years the world has been detecting and monitoring the increase in surface temperature. The vast majority of scientists have named it the phenomenon of global warming resulting in climate change. The Metropolitan Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro, in recent years, accompanied the increase in air pollution by the transport sector and concluded that the sector contributes to these climatic phenomena in local and global levels. Many strategies have been developed to minimize the impacts of this and other sources of emissions to the environment. New research and technological advances must be deployed immediately to try to mitigate the adverse effects of climate on Earth and prevent natural disasters, such as happens quite often nowadays. This study draws attention to another type of pollution, extremely dependent on air pollution: impacts of the use and occupation. Nevertheless, it highlights the importance of monitoring the temperature of the earth’s crust, to confirm that surface temperatures and below increased proportionately. The porous pavements, even in small patches, are important to contribute to the balance of the ecosystem but the quality of air we breathe is both harmful to health on the ground that receives it. So educate the public about the harmful effects of air pollution unimaginable is the bottleneck for the replacement of traditional waterproof decks for porous pavements and as a consequence, facilitate the exchange liquid and gas, so necessary in the process of cleaning up and slowing global warming.
Keywords: Air Pollution, Climate, Earth Crust, Natural Disaster, Surface Temperature