Return on Equity

Effect of Capital Structure on Financial Performance of Quoted Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria (Published)

Capital structure is a mixture of the financing options a company uses to finance its investments. However, deciding on an optimal capital mix has been a huge task for most manufacturing companies. This paper therefore examined the effect of capital structure on financial performance of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study covered ten companies for a period of seven years from 2013 to 2019. Panel data analysis was used to test the hypothesis. The independent variables used are total debt to total asset ratio (TDTAR), long-term debt to total assets (LDTAR), short-term debt to total assets (SDTAR) and total debt to total equity (TDTER) while the dependent variables are return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The results of the study showed that SDTAR and LDTAR have positive but insignificant effects on ROA, and TDTAR has a negative significant effect on ROA and ROE respectively. Also, TDTAR and TDTER have negative insignificant effect on ROE. The study concluded that SDTAR, LDTAR, TDTER have no significant effect on ROA and ROE but TDTAR have effect on ROA. This study therefore recommended that firms should be cautious in accumulating debt that could eventually have adverse effects on their value and financial performance.

Keywords: Capital Structure, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Total Assets, total debts

Operational Risk Management and Financial Stability of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria (Published)

The series of financial crisis that have been experienced in both the developed and developing countries showed the importance of having well-functioning financial systems as financial crises directly affect the health of a country’s economy. Many banks had collapsed or experienced serious financial constraints both in Nigeria and the rest of the world due to their continuous exposure to severe operational risk events and fraudulent actions and these have continued to be major threat to the banks. This study investigated the effect of operational risk management on financial stability of deposit money banks in NigeriaThe study employed ex-post facto research design. The population comprised twenty-two licensed deposit money banks in Nigeria as at September 30th, 2018. A total sample of eleven deposit money banks were selected using convenient sampling method and data covering 2009 to 2018 were sourced from the audited and published financial statements of these sampled deposit money banks. Certification of the financial statements by external auditors and regulators and the approval by the board of directors confirm the reliability of the data. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.The results showed that operational risk management had negative significant relationship with financial stability of the selected banks in Nigeria (F(3,106)= 24.46, Adj. R2= 0.4091, p < 0.05). Specifically, Non-performing loan to total loan ratio, cost to income ratio and total loan and advances to total deposit ratio have significant relationship on the variables of financial stability of deposit money banks in Nigeria proxied by Capital Adequacy Ratio (F(3,106)= 18.23, Adj. R2= 0.316, p < 0.05), Return on Equity (F(3,106)= 22.52,  Adj. R2= 0.389, p < 0.05) and Liquidity Ratio (F(3,106)= 22.45, Adj. R2= 0.389, p < 0.05)The study concluded that operational risk management influences the financial stability of selected deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study recommended, among others, that banks should improve their operational risk management practices and policies in order to maintain sound capital adequacy and sustainable financial stability.

Keywords: Capital Adequacy Ratio, Deposit Money Banks, Liquidity Ratio, Non-Performing Loans, Return on Equity, cost to income ratio, financial stability, operational risk management

Dividend Policy and Profitability of Agro Allied Companies in Nigeria (Published)

This study assesses the effect of dividend policy on the profitability of listed agro-allied companies in Nigeria. The population of the study consists of five (5) listed agro-allied companies on the Nigerian Stock Exchange as at 31/12/2018. All the listed agro-allied firms were used due to the small sample size. Secondary data were collected from the sampled firms through their published audited financial statements for 14 years ranging from 2005-2018. The ex-post facto research design was adopted with regression and descriptive analysis to determine the effect of explanatory variables. The results show that the return on assets has a positive and significant effect on dividend policy of listed agro-allied companies in Nigeria, while return on equity has a negative and significant effect on dividend policy of listed agro-allied companies in Nigeria but earnings per share have a negative and insignificant effect on dividend policy of listed agro-allied companies in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study concludes that the dividend policy has the probability of influencing the profitability of listed agro-allied companies in Nigeria. The study, therefore, recommends that firms should adopt policy and strategy on efficient use of company assets that would enable them to generate profits to meet up with dividends payment regularly to attract more investors. This is because investors assume that a firm which pays dividend regularly is evidence that a company is healthy financially.

Keywords: Dividend Payout Ratio, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, and dividend retention ratio., earning per share

Effect of Environmental Cost on Performances of Quoted Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2007-2016 (Published)

The study examined the effect of environmental costs on performances of quoted firms in Sub Saharan Africa. The study adopted longitudinal/panel ex-post facto research design and random sampling technique while quantitative secondary data covering 2007 to 2016 were obtained for sixty-four extractive and industrial firms quoted in the Stock Exchanges of four Sub-Sahara African countries namely South Africa, Nigeria, Ghana and Tanzania. The models for the study were estimated using Ordinary least square regression (OLS) built on panel data analysis. In the regional level analysis as well as in South Africa and Nigeria specific country analyses, the study revealed that environmental costs represented by employee health and safety, waste management and community development costs have no significant effect on return on capital employed, earnings per share and return on equity. The study showed that in Ghana, the predictor variables demonstrated significant effect on return on capital employed and return on equity while only waste management cost has significant effect on return on capital employed and return on equity in Tanzania. The implication of the preponderance of the findings, save for the aforementioned exceptions in Ghana and Tanzania,  is that quoted firms in the region are yet to adequately indulge in environmental responsibility or their environmental engagements are not adequately captured and disclosed to the extent that can cause significant swings in the measures of firm performance. The implication of the exceptions found in Ghana and Tanzania is that of   comparative improvement in environmental responsibilities, compliances and disclosures by quoted firms in the two countries. The study recommended among other things that firms in Sub Saharan Africa should give greater attention to environmental responsibility, cost recognition, classification and disclosures in the annual, integrated and sustainability reports.

Keywords: Earnings per share, Performance, Return on Equity, Waste Management, capital employed, community development costs, employee health and safety, environmental costs

An Empirical Analysis of Effect of Capital Structure on Firm Performance: Evidence from Microfinance Banks in Nigeria (Published)

Issues surrounding capital structure and performance which have been widely debated in the finance literature, yet there has not been consensus as to how composition of firm‘s capital impact on firm performance including Nigeria. Thus this study investigated the relationship between capital structure and firm performance in the microfinance banking subsector in Nigeria from 2009 to 2018. The study employed explained variables (debt to equity ratio, long term debt ratio and total debt ratio) representing capital structure and the explanatory variable (return on equity) representing firm performance. Descriptive statistics and regression technique were used for the analysis. The results revealed a negative and insignificant relationship between Debt to equity ratio and return on equity, a positive and insignificant relationship between Long term debt ratio and return on equity and a positive and significant relationship between Total debt ratio and return on equity. The results also indicated that F-statistic is 37.16701 with a probability of 0.026372 indicating that the combined effect of the explained variables on firm performance represented by return on equity is statistically significant. It is therefore recommended that microfinance banks in Nigeria and beyond should devise strategies that are effective to expand their debt profile in order to achieve better performance.

 

Keywords: Microfinance Banks, Return on Equity, Total debt ratio, debt to equity ratio, long term debt ratio

Empirical Study on the Impact of Corporate Governance Practices on Performance: Evidence from SMES in an Emerging Economy (Published)

The study examined the impact of corporate governance practices on the performance of SMEs in Ghana. Both descriptive and correlational research design were employed for the study. Convenience sampling technique was used to select one hundred (100) SMEs from two regions in Ghana. The study utilised the annual reports of the SMEs from 2012 to 2016 financial years. Net profit margin (NPM) and return on assets (ROA) were used as proxies for performance and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression model was used to estimate the level of impact of corporate governance on the performance of SMEs in Ghana. The study found empirical evidence to support the view that the board size (BS) has a negative impact on NPM, though insignificant. In addition, the evidence obtained indicate that board gender (BG) and management ownership (MO), all have positive impact on NPM. The evidence also showed that role difference for CEO and board chairman (DR) has a negative and positive impact on both ROA and ROE. Similarly, the results showed that board size (BS) has an insignificant negative impact on ROA. Additionally, it was ascertained that board gender (BG) and management ownership (MO) have positive impact on ROA, though the level of impact of board gender (BG) and management ownership (MO) are statistically insignificant. The results further provide evidence that the control variables: firm age (Fage) and industry of the firms (FInd) have a significant positive impact on both NPM and ROA. Generally, the evidence obtained show that corporate governance has positive but insignificant impact on performance of SMEs.

Keywords: Corporate Governance, Ghana Stock Exchange, Manufacturing Firms, Return on Assets, Return on Equity

Effect of Intellectual Capital on Financial Performance of Banks in Nigeria (Published)

This paper appraised the effect of intellectual capital on financial performance of firms in Nigeria using the banking industry.  The research used the Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) to ascertain the extent that intellectual capital indices affect financial performance of three Nigeria. Data were collected from the published annual financial statements of the three banks and analyzed using regression tool. The study indicates that IC has a positive and significant effect on banks’ financial performances of the banks but some are not significant. The results further showed that the banks are statistically different in both the intellectual capital and its financial performance indicators. It also shows that the banks with high IC also show high financial performance. The study recommends banks in Nigeria invest vigorously in development of their human capital as a key driver of firm’s performance. They should also provide the infrastructures needed for to achieve a virile human capital in the system.

Keywords: Financial Performance, Gross Earnings., Intellectual Capital, Return on Assets, Return on Equity

The Effect of Dividend Payout on Performance Evaluation: Evidence of Quoted Cement Companies in Nigeria (Published)

The issue of dividend payout is a very important matter in the current business environment and more especially on the performance evaluation of firms’. The dividend payment decisions of firms are the primary element of any corporate policy which is basically the benefit of shareholders in return for investing their money in the organization. The successful selection and use of appropriate dividend policy is one of the key elements of the firm’s performance evaluation. Hence, proper care and attention need to be given when such decision is taken. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of dividend payout on performance evaluation of quoted cement companies in Nigeria over the past twelve (12) years period from 2003 to 2014. The researcher employed four (4) variables for the analyses such as: Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR); Return on Capital Employed (ROCE); Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). Performance evaluation as dependent variable is represented by Return on Capital Employed (ROCE); Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) while Dividend Payout stands as Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR) for independent variable. Secondary data were obtained from the financial statements (Statement of Comprehensive income and Statement of Financial Position) of the selected quoted cement companies in Nigeria on Nigerian Stock Exchange. The model specification for the analysis of data is ordinary least squares techniques applied as panel estimation while descriptive research method and simple linear regression for the analyses. The researchers’ empirical results suggest that dividend payout ratio (DPR) has positive relationship with all the dependent variables (ROCE, ROA and ROE) used for this study; that dividend payout ratio (DPR) has statistically significant with Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and Return on Asset (ROA) while DPR has statistically insignificant with Return on Equity (ROE) of quoted cement companies in Nigeria and that R2 of all the dependent variables (Return on Capital Employed; Return on Assets and Return on Equity) used for this study were affected by other variables outside our model. It further revealed that dividend payout ratio (DPR) has statistically effect on Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and Return on Assets (ROA) of quoted cement companies in Nigeria while DPR has no statistically effect on Return on Equity (ROE) of quoted cement companies in Nigeria. Based on this, we recommend that management should improve on their Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) as they are of great important in the valuation of performance evaluation of quoted cement companies in Nigeria; adopt optimal dividend policy that would better the lots of shareholders both in the short-run and long-run; devote adequate time in designing a dividend policy that will enhance firm’s performance and shareholder value and adopted good dividend payout policies in order to reduce agency cost and maximise the value of the company and attract more investors.

Keywords: Dividend Payout Ratio, Return on Assets, Return on Capital Employed, Return on Equity, Spss and Dividend Policy

Assessing the Impact of Liquidity and Profitability Ratios on Growth of Profits in Pharmaceutical Firms in Nigeri (Published)

This paper assesses the impact of liquidity and profitability ratios on growth of profits in Pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria. Eight ratios: acid test, current ratio, net working Capital. Return on assets, returns on capital employed, returns on equity, gross profit ratio and net profit ratio were regressed against the dependent variable growth of profit. Haussmann test was conducted to choose between Fixed Effect and Random Effects model. Results justified the use of Fixed Effect model. Test results indicate significant contributions of all the variables to profit growth of pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria implying that continued improvement in the variables can lead to increases in growth of profit by the Pharmaceutical firms.

Keywords: Growth of Profit, Liquidity, Profitability, Return on Assets, Return on Capital Employed, Return on Equity, Working capital.

CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND BANK PERFORMANCE – EVIDENCE FROM SUB-SAHARA AFRICA (Published)

This paper seeks to examine the relationship between capital structure and bank performance in Sub-Sahara Africa. This study has employed the use of panel data techniques to analyze the relationship between capital structure and bank performance. The performance variables used in the study were return on asset (ROA), Return on equity (ROE) and net interest margin (NIM). The results from Levin-Lin-Chu and Im-pesaran-shin unit root test show that all the variables were stationary in levels. The study hypothesized negative relationship between capital structure and bank performance. The results also indicate that capital structure does not determine bank performance but rather it is performance that determines banks capital structure.

Keywords: Capital Structure. Bank performance, Return on Asset and Net Interst margin, Return on Equity, Total debt ratio