Bioethanol Production from Municipal Solid Waste: Technical Overview, Progress and Challenges (Published)
Due to the rapid growth in population and industrialization coupled with the adverse side effects from usage of fossil fuels, there is a high demand for renewable fuel especially ethanol which is environmentally friendly and can be used as substitute for premium motor spirit. Conventional crops such as corn and sugarcane are unable to meet the global demand of bioethanol production due to their primary value of food and feed. Therefore sugar, starch and lignocellulosic materials from municipal solid waste stream are attractive feedstocks for bioethanol production. Agricultural wastes from municipal solid waste stream are cost effective, sustainable, addresses environmental pollution and create wealth and energy. Bioethanol production from wastes could be promising, however, the processes has several challenges and limitations such as feedstock sourcing and finance. This paper gives an overview, the technicality, challenges and the progress for bioethanol production from municipal solid waste.
Citation: Biose Osadebe, Maureen Imhontu, Oghosa Akenzua, Christopher Okorie, James Onabe, Bildad Atsegha, Jonah D. Angalapu, Bawo Kubeyinje, Rita Orerome, Wale Akingba,2Igbinoimwahia D. Iyeke (2021) Bioethanol Production from Municipal Solid Waste: Technical Overview, Progress and Challenges, International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research, Vol.9, No.3, pp., 1-9
Keywords: Energy, Environment, bioethanol, feedstock, municipal solid waste
Development of Green Energy Saving Mechanisms (Published)
Geothermal energy is the natural heat that exists within the earth and that can be absorbed by fluids occurring within, or introduced into, the crystal rocks. Although, geographically, this energy has local concentrations, its distribution globally is widespread. The amount of heat that is, theoretically, available between the earth’s surface and a depth of 5 km is around 140 x 1024 joules. Of this, only a fraction (5 x 1021 joules) can be regarded as having economic prospects within the next five decades, and only about 500 x 1018 joules is likely to be exploited by the year 2020. Three main techniques used to exploit the heat available are: geothermal aquifers, hot dry rocks and ground source heat pumps (GSHPs). The GSHPs play a key role in geothermal development in Central and Northern Europe. With borehole heat exchangers as heat source, they offer de-central geothermal heating at virtually any location, with great flexibility to meet given demands. In the vast majority of systems, no space cooling is included, leaving the GSHPs with some economic constraints. Nevertheless, a promising market development first occurred in Switzerland and Sweden, and now also is obvious in Austria and Germany. Approximately 20 years of R&D focusing on borehole heat exchangers resulted in a well-established concept of sustainability for this technology, as well as in sound design and installation criteria. The market success brought Switzerland to the third rank worldwide in geothermal direct use. The future prospects are good, with an increasing range of applications including large systems with thermal energy storage for heating and cooling, The GSHPs in densely populated development areas, borehole heat exchangers for cooling of telecommunication equipment, etc. This communication reviews some interactions between buildings and environment. The correct assessment of climate helps to create buildings, which are successful in their external environment, while knowledge of sick buildings helps to avoid unsuccessful internal environments. The sections on energy conservation and green buildings suggest how the correct design and use of buildings can help to improve total environment.
Keywords: Environment, GREEN buildings, Ground Source Heat Pump