Phytochemical Screening of Pods of Indigofera Tinctoria L. (Uri) and Its Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties (Published)
The phytochemical screening of Indigofera tinctoria L. (Uri) pod extracts using hot ethanolic, cold ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins and Cardiac glycosides. Alkaloids were present in all the three different extracts, saponins was absent in cold ethanolic extract but present in the others, flavonoids was present in only cold ethanolic extract, cardiac glycosides were present in cold ethanolic and aqueous extract but absent in hot ethanolic extracts. Antimicrobial activity of Soxhlet ethanolic and aqueous extracts in different concentration were used against the following pathogenic bacteria isolates like Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus auerus and Bacillus cereus using Disk diffusion method. The undiluted Soxhlet ethanolic extract showed that S. typhi has the highest zone of inhibition of 25 mm, followed by B. cereus, S. auerus at 11 mm and E. coli having the least zone of inhibition at 8 mm. In undiluted concentration of aqueous extract, B. cereus has the highest zone of inhibition of 11 mm, followed by E. coli at 8 mm, S. auerus at 7 mm and S. typhi at 6 mm being the least. Also in Soxhlet ethanolic extract at dilution 1:1 concentration, the highest zone of inhibition is B. cereus at 10 mm, followed by S. typhi at 7 mm, while there was no zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. auerus. While in aqueous extract at dilution 1:1, B. cereus and S. typhi has the same zone of inhibition of 7 mm and no zone of inhibition was observed against E. coli and S. auerus. Similarly, in Soxlet ethanolic extract of 1:2 dilution concentration, zone of inhibition was observed only on B. cereus as 7 mm and no zone of inhibition was observed in the remaining isolates. For aqueous extract at dilution 1:2, there was no zone of inhibition against all the isolates. Hence the percentage antibacterial activity of both extract indicated that B. cereus with cumulative zone of inhibition of 47 mm has thre highest percentage zone of inhibition at 37.30%, followed by S. typi at 45 mm against 35.71%, S. auerus at 18 mm against 14.29% and E. coli at 16 mm against 12.70% as the least percentage of antibacterial activity. Conversely, same extracts tested against fungal isolate like Aspergillus tereus, did not exhibit antifungal properties. Thus the results obtained from this study suggested that Indigofera tinctoria pod validate the use of undiluted extracts of this species in ethnomedicine and could provide a lead in the treatments of bacterial infections.
Keywords: Antibacterial, Antifungi, Indigofera Tinctoria L. (Uri), Phytochemical, Pods
Phytochemical screening of pods of indigofera tinctoria l. (uri) and its antibacteria and antifungi properties (Published)
The phytochemical screening of Indigofera tinctoria L. (Uri) pod extracts using hot ethanolic, cold ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins and Cardiac glycosides. Alkaloids were present in all the three different extracts, saponins was absent in cold ethanolic extract but present in the others, flavonoids was present in only cold ethanolic extract, cardiac glycosides were present in cold ethanolic and aqueous extract but absent in hot ethanolic extracts. Antimicrobial activity of Soxhlet ethanolic and aqueous extracts in different concentration were used against the following pathogenic bacteria isolates like Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus auerus and Bacillus cereus using Disk diffusion method. The undiluted Soxhlet ethanolic extract showed that S. typhi has the highest zone of inhibition of 25 mm, followed by B. cereus, S. auerus at 11 mm and E. coli having the least zone of inhibition at 8 mm. In undiluted concentration of aqueous extract, B. cereus has the highest zone of inhibition of 11 mm, followed by E. coli at 8 mm, S. auerus at 7 mm and S. typhi at 6 mm being the least. Also in Soxhlet ethanolic extract at dilution 1:1 concentration, the highest zone of inhibition is B. cereus at 10 mm, followed by S. typhi at 7 mm, while there was no zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. auerus. While in aqueous extract at dilution 1:1, B. cereus and S. typhi has the same zone of inhibition of 7 mm and no zone of inhibition was observed against E. coli and S. auerus. Similarly, in Soxlet ethanolic extract of 1:2 dilution concentration, zone of inhibition was observed only on B. cereus as 7 mm and no zone of inhibition was observed in the remaining isolates. For aqueous extract at dilution 1:2, there was no zone of inhibition against all the isolates. Hence the percentage antibacterial activity of both extract indicated that B. cereus with cumulative zone of inhibition of 47 mm has thre highest percentage zone of inhibition at 37.30%, followed by S. typi at 45 mm against 35.71%, S. auerus at 18 mm against 14.29% and E. coli at 16 mm against 12.70% as the least percentage of antibacterial activity. Conversely, same extracts tested against fungal isolate like Aspergillus tereus, did not exhibit antifungal properties. Thus the results obtained from this study suggested that Indigofera tinctoria pod validate the use of undiluted extracts of this species in ethnomedicine and could provide a lead in the treatments of bacterial infections.
Keywords: Antibacteria, Antifungi, Indigofera Tinctoria L. (Uri), Phytochemical, Pods
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Guiera Senegalensis and Prosopis Africana Leave Extract on Some Bacterial Pathogens (Published)
The bioactive components of the leaves of Guiera senegalensis and Prosopis africana were extracted using ethanol, aqueous and crude extraction methods. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that extracts contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides and steroids, while glycosides and alkaloids were absent in P. africana and G. senegalensis respectively. Quantitative phytochemical analysis of G. senegalensis showed 1.352mg/100g of flavonoids and 14.59mg/100g of phenols. Prosopis africana quantitatively showed 3.041mg/100g flavonoids and 10.22mg/100g phenol content. The various extracts were investigated for their antibacterial activity using agar diffusion methods of susceptibility testing against the test organisms. The ethanolic extract of Prosopis africana demonstrated the highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi (4.7mm, 4mm and 4mm zones of inhibition respectively) while the least activity was demonstrated by aqueous extract against Escherichia coli (1mm inhibition zone). The ethanolic extract of G. senegalensis also inhibited Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with (3.5mm, 3mm, and 2.8mm of zones of inhibitions respectively). The crude and the aqueous extracts of both plants showed lower zones of inhibition against all the three organisms. This study shows that the use of G. senegalensis and Prosopis africana leaves as traditional medicine has a lot of potential in treatment of antimicrobial infections with further standardization.
Keywords: Antimicrobial efficacy, Bacteria, Inhibition, Phytochemical, leave extract
Comparative Studies of the Antimicrobial Activities of Different Chewing Sticks on Some Selected Pathogenic Microorganisms (Review Completed - Accepted)
The crude aqueous and methanol extract of the chewing sticks were assessed for antimicrobial activity and the active principles present in them. The antimicrobial activities of the methanol and aqueous extract of ten (10) different types of chewing sticks were determined against a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The extract was tested against bacteria likeStapylococcusaureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, βeta. haemolytic streptococcus, Bacillus subtilisATCC 6633, ShigellaflexneriATCC 12022, SerratiamarscenceATCC 39006, EnterobacteraerogensATCC 13045, Proteus mirabilisATCC 2598, and fungi such as Candida albicans, Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, and Aspergillusfumigatus. The methanol crude extract of the chewing sticks have greater zone of inhibition compare with the aqueous extracts. All plants tested displayed antimicrobial activityes against one or more of the tested organisms but Fagarazanthoxyloidesshows greater antibacterial against Escherichia coli 40mm, Stapylococcusaureus34mm, while Disthemonanthusbenthamianusdisplayed the highest antifungal activity against Candida albican with 11mm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each active values were as well determined using agar well diffusion method. The chewing sticks contain antimicrobial agents though the concentration and composition of the bioactive substances may differ amongst the plants.The result showed that the extract of the plants also possessed some active principles such as tannin, phenol, steroid, saponin, alkaloid, anthraquinones. Thus, the chewing sticks extract may serve as sources for chemotherapeutic agents for the management of Orofacial infections caused by broad spectrum pathogenic organisms and could also be suitable for better dental care. It is concluded that methanol extract and aqueous extract of the chewing sticks exhibited significant amount of antimicrobial and trace amount of antifungal.
Keywords: Antimicrobial, Phytochemical, agar well diffusion, chewing stick extracts, dental caries, disc plate method, sensitivity
Hepatoprotective and Antidiarrhogenic Property of Aqueous Extract of Anacardium Occidentale (Linn.) (Review Completed - Accepted)
The aqueous extract from leaves of Anacardium occidentale was evaluated for inhibitory activity against Bacillus cereus and also the extent of damage to internal organs if consumed orally was investigated. The percentage yield of the extract was found to be 8% of the total mass. Phytochemical screening of the extract reveals the presence of bioactive molecules like alkaloids, tannin, saponin, anthraquinone, phenol and cardiac glycoside. The extract was found to inhibit the growth of the B. cereus in vivo. The extract was tested in-vivo against Bacillus cereus after determining the Infectivity dose 50 (ID50) of the organism on albino rats. The weights of the animals were found to be treatment dependent. The control group has constant weight increase throughout the days of the experiment while group infected with Bacillus has constant decrease in weight from the onset of infection. Haematological analysis of the blood revealed that an increase in the packed cell volume (PCV) of the infected animals but treated with the extract while there was reduction in the PCV of the untreated group. The total white blood cell (WBC) was also determined which was found to be higher in the group inoculated with the bacterium. The plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST) was also measured to liver disease in the infected group and also the group that were administered with drug. Histopathological analysis was also carried out on the major organs like the liver and intestine which showed the extent of damage on the organs pictorially. The extract was found to be toxic as indicated by the observed necrotic lesion in the organs of treated group coupled with the increase in the level of the enzyme markers. The study justifies the use of leaf of Anacardium in traditional medicine.
Keywords: Antimicrobial, Hepatoprotective, Phytochemical, histopathological