Economic Implications of Environmental Degradation in Nigeria: Is the Environmental Kuznets Curve Relevant to Nigeria (Published)
Challenges of environmental degradation have been an impediment to the level of economic progress in Nigeria. The major objective of the paper is to establish the economic consequence of environmental degradation drawing from the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework. The research covered the period between 1986 and 2017. The Ordinary Least Squares and Granger Causality were used to analyze the data. The result indicates that per capita income has a positive and insignificant relationship with carbon emission. An indication of the absence of the EKC. The square of the per capita income has a positive and insignificant relationship with carbon emission. A further confirmation of the absence of the EKC in Nigeria. Population has a significant and positive impact on the level of carbon emission. Openness and FDI have positive and significant impact on carbon emission. The result of the granger causality test indicates no causal relationship between carbon emission and per capita income. Increase in per capita income that is not followed by a rise in inflation rate as well as strong regulatory measures are recommended.
Keywords: EKC, FDI, Per Capita Income, Population, carbon emission, trade openness Ordinary Least Squares
INTERACTION AMONG EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, FDI AND GDP GROWTH IN BANGLADESH- AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS (Published)
This paper has addressed a very important policy question of Bangladesh. This examines the causality among education, employment, FDI and GDP growth in Bangladesh by using time series data from 1980 to 2013. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests show that the time series data is stationary at first difference. Then, the Johansen cointegration analysis indicates that the variables have strong, positive and significant linear relationship between them at .05 level of significance. Granger causality test found the unidirectional causality between employment and literacy rate and also between literacy rate and FDI. Again this empirical Granger causality test found that employment and FDI Granger causes GDP in unidirectional way. Finally, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is also used to check the short and long run equilibrium relationships among the variables and the significant results have been found. This study gives the guideline to the researchers and policy makers.
Keywords: Bangladesh, Education, Employment, FDI, GDP growth
INTERACTION AMONG EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, FDI AND GDP GROWTH IN BANGLADESH: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS (Published)
This paper has addressed a very important policy question of Bangladesh. This examines the causality among education, employment, FDI and GDP growth in Bangladesh by using time series data from 1980 to 2013. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests show that the time series data is stationary at first difference. Then, the Johansen cointegration analysis indicates that the variables have strong, positive and significant linear relationship between them at .05 level of significance. Granger causality test found the unidirectional causality between employment and literacy rate and also between literacy rate and FDI. Again this empirical Granger causality test found that employment and FDI Granger causes GDP in unidirectional way. Finally, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is also used to check the short and long run equilibrium relationships among the variables and the significant results have been found. This study gives the guideline to the researchers and policy makers.
Keywords: Bangladesh, Education, Employment, FDI, GDP growth