Analysis of Factors Affecting Competitiveness and Import of Powdered Milk in Indonesia (Published)
The growth of domestic powdered milked consumption in Indonesia exceeds the growth of domestic powdered milk raw materials production, it is causes fulfillment of needs is provided through imports. The purpose of this study are 1) Analyze the factors that influence the competitiveness of the domestic powdered milk industry; 2) Analyze the factors that are determinants of the import of raw powdered milk, and 3) Formulate strategic recommendations that can improve the competitiveness of the domestic powdered milk industry. Based on the results, the factors that most play a role in the competitiveness of domestic powdered milk are government policies in trade, the Milk Processing Industry (IPS), and the company’s strategy. Based on Engle-Granger Cointegration method, in the long run the volume of Indonesian powdered milk imports is significantly affected by the real price of imported powdered milk, the real exchange rate, real per capita income, and import tariffs. Meanwhile, based on short-term dynamic ECM equations, the volume of imported powdered milk is significantly affected by domestic powdered milk production, the real price of domestic powdered milk, real per capita income, and import tariffs.
Keywords: Competitiveness, Engle-Granger Cointegration, Powdered Milk, import
Jordan’s Export Import Scenario During 2000- 2014 (Published)
In light of the challenges set by the economic openness and foreign trade to the Jordanian economy, especially through the increasing competition for Jordanian products of goods and services with regional and global countries, it is necessary to activating the role of the Jordanian trade policy in order to make greater contribution to enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy. The objective of this research paper is to address the impact of import and export of Jordon on Gross Domestic Product growth (GDP) during the period 2000-2014 as the GDP at market price determines the import, export and openness of Jordan. Linear Regression analysis has been applied with GDP at market price and Import, export, trade and trade openness. The analysis shows that there is a statistically significant impact of export and import of goods and services, and on GDP growth of the economy. On the other hand the analysis shows no significant effect of trade openness on GDP growth rate due to trade deficit.
Keywords: Export, GDP, Jordan, import, trade openness