Jordan’s Export Import Scenario During 2000- 2014 (Published)
In light of the challenges set by the economic openness and foreign trade to the Jordanian economy, especially through the increasing competition for Jordanian products of goods and services with regional and global countries, it is necessary to activating the role of the Jordanian trade policy in order to make greater contribution to enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy. The objective of this research paper is to address the impact of import and export of Jordon on Gross Domestic Product growth (GDP) during the period 2000-2014 as the GDP at market price determines the import, export and openness of Jordan. Linear Regression analysis has been applied with GDP at market price and Import, export, trade and trade openness. The analysis shows that there is a statistically significant impact of export and import of goods and services, and on GDP growth of the economy. On the other hand the analysis shows no significant effect of trade openness on GDP growth rate due to trade deficit.
Keywords: Export, GDP, Jordan, import, trade openness
CARBON EMISSION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH OF SAARC COUNTRIES: A VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE (VAR) ANALYSIS (Published)
This paper examines the causal relationship between carbon ( ) emissions and economic growth in seven SAARC countries using time series data for the period from 1972-2012. We applied Vector Error Correction Modeling (VECM) approach. We have also applied Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (P.P) test and Johansen’s cointegration approach to check time series properties and cointegration relationship of the variables. Results exhibit a cointegration relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth. Results also show that the estimated coefficients of emissions have positive and significant impacts on GDP in the long run. These results will help the environmental authorities to understand the effects of economic growth on environment for degradation and manage the environmental problems using macroeconomic methods.
Keywords: Causality, Emission, GDP, SAARC, VECM
Job Dissatisfaction in the Bangladesh Ready-made Garment Sector: To what Extend HR/IR Practices can Grow Exhilaration of RMG Workers? (Published)
The Readymade Garments (RMG) industry of Bangladesh has been the key export industry and a main source of foreign exchange for the last 25 years. The sector rapidly became important in terms of employment, foreign exchange earnings and its contribution to the national economy. Currently the industry provides employment to about 3 million workers of whom 90% are women (EPB, 2007; BB Report, 2008). Notwithstanding the impressive success of the RMG sector, poor working conditions in the factories and the lack of Social compliance are serious concerns which have, since 2006, led to labour unrest and damage to institutions and properties. Indeed, working conditions in the RMG sector is substandard, and do not meet the Codes of Conducts (Qudus and Uddin, 1993). Recruitment policies are highly informal compared to western standards and there are no written formal contracts and appointment letters (Dasgupta S., 2002). Therefore they are vulnerable to losing their jobs at any time. Garments workers are embarrassed with long working hours or double consecutive shifts, personally unsafe work environment, poor working conditions, wage and gender discrimination (Kumar A., 2006). Long working hours without leave with breaks and compulsory overtime are common problems in this sector. Workers can be fired for refusing overtime. The level of wages is the most significant source of dissatisfaction for workers in the RMG industry. RMG owner often deny that they have the power to improve the wages or conditions of workers. Without full payment or being paid on time, worker often worry and are anxious about the future. This results in low work productivity and job dissatisfaction (Morshed, 2007). On the other hand, prospects of promotion in the RMG industry of Bangladesh are rare. The research suggests that there are many benefits from the introduction of modern HR and IR activities through the establishment of HRM or personnel management unit in the RMG sector. The government needs to pay much more attention to monitoring compliance. A modified Code of Conduct and an effective Compliance Monitoring Cell (CMC) are also required.
Keywords: BGMEA, Better Factories Cambodia, Code of Conduct, Compliance Monitoring Cell (CMC), GDP, Gross National Income, HR and IR, ILO, MFN, RMG, Social compliance, TATA, WTO