Assessment of Toilet Adequacy and Determinants of Utilisation in Public Secondary Schools in Bauchi Metropolis (Published)
This study investigates the toilet adequacy and determinants of their utilisation in public secondary schools within Bauchi Metropolis. Highlighting a fundamental global challenge, particularly in low-income regions such as Northern Nigeria, the study examines toilet facility deficiencies exacerbated by inadequate provision, water supply, poor maintenance, and limited gender sensitivity. A survey research design was adopted, while primary and secondary data were obtained from field surveys, direct physical observations, journal articles, and records of public secondary schools, among other sources. Through an empirical analysis of ten (10) purposively sampled schools, involving 365 respondents selected through simple random sampling, and the application of a binary logistic regression model, the study reveals that most schools significantly exceed international and local standards for student-to-toilet ratios, resulting in low utilisation rates and the persistence of open defecation practices. Key determinants of toilet utilisation, including cleanliness, accessibility, and water availability, were identified as critical factors in reducing open defecation. Despite some improvements in toilet accessibility, challenges related to gender sensitivity and hygiene persist, posing public health risks and undermining educational outcomes. The findings underscore the urgent need for policy interventions that emphasise adequate provision, regular maintenance, stakeholder engagement, and behavioural education to improve toilet facilities, align with international and local standards, and promote a safe and dignified learning environment.
Keywords: Adequacy, Determinants, schools, toilet, utilisation