Exploring the Impact of Bilingualism in Early Life on Foreign Language Learning for University Students in Lebanon Theoretical Foundations: Part I (Published)

Bilingualism and multilingualism have long fascinated linguists, educators, and researchers due to their potential effects on cognitive, linguistic, and educational development. This study, part of two, explores how growing up in a bilingual or multilingual environment impacts foreign language learning abilities, focusing on university students in Beirut, Lebanon. The investigation sheds light on whether being born into such language-rich contexts confers advantages in acquiring additional languages, specifically English as a Foreign Language (EFL). This research follows a quantitative, deductive, and positivist approach. A sample of 153 Lebanese university students pursuing different majors was selected conveniently based on the participant’s willingness to participate. The research tool is a questionnaire constituting four sections that include knowledge questions addressing different sets of attitudinal statements characterizing the students’ and their parents’ status, home habits, background, and practices of the English language; the attitude of students toward the English language along the three dimensions of Towers-Perrin-ISR model; the family’s attachment to books, and demographics of the participants and their parents. Questions and statements were dyadic, multiple choice, four-level, and five-level Likert scales. Collected data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS version 26.0 package. Data analysis used descriptive, factor, and linear regression analyses. However, this paper, part 1 of 2, provides the theoretical background necessary to carry out the quantitative part. In this paper, the introduction and the literature review include an in-depth exposition of bilingualism in Lebanon, the status of English language teaching, the Towers Perrin-ISR model, and related empirical review of schooling, parents’ and teachers’ roles, and bilingualism in tertiary education. Findings contribute to both theoretical and practical domains. Theoretically, the study offers insights into the relationship between early language exposure and subsequent language acquisition. The outcomes inform EFL teaching methods, curriculum design, and language policy initiatives in multilingual societies like Lebanon.

Keywords: Language Learning, Lebanon, University students, bilingualism

The Lexis Praxis of Code-Switching By High School Teachers in Elucidating Multifaceted Problems in Sciences and Mathematics Fijian Classrooms (Published)

This explanatory study has investigated the use of code-switching by high school teachers in elucidating multifaceted problems, who are subject-area specialists in sciences and mathematics Fijian classrooms. The data for this study were obtained from twelve science teachers and twelve mathematics from randomly selected high schools ranging from Ba to Rakiraki corridors, Fiji. English as the second language and Fiji-Hindi as the first language was used for the comparative analysis of data throughout this study. A structured and semi-structured research questionnaire was used as a tool to collate the data needed for this study. The collected data was analysed through a coding system using Gumperz’s semantic model of conversational code-switching. According to the results of the research, sciences and mathematics high school teachers used code-switching as an applied linguistics learning strategical tool towards assisting the learners in acquiring complex problems using natural language verbalisation.

Keywords: Code Switching, Mathematics, Multilingualism, Natural language, bilingualism, sciences