Dynamic of Warfare in Pre-colonial Offa Land, 1878 – 1886 (Published)
This paper interrogates the arts of Warfare in Pre-colonial Offa Land, 1878 – 1886. It examines dynamic nature of warfare under Balogun Agidiako the war commander of Offa land at Jalumi War and Ilorin War under the Leadership of Balogun Karara. This paper adopts historical narrative techniques on how warfare was executed in Offa land 1887 – 1888 differently, with things to remember: drawing on both primary and secondary sources this paper emphasized on system of control, the administration of forces, the strategies employed and the character of the forces involved towards a revolutionary changes and struggle for hegemony by Offa against Ilorin. This paper advances that Offa engaged in three different battles with distinct military prowess, warfare tactics and strategies. Though, this paper stands to contribute to academic discourse on Pre-colonial warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Keywords: Jalumi, Offa Land, Tactics and Strategy., Warfare, pre-colonial
Credit Contribution Club (ISUSU): A Veritable Indigenous Source of Capital Formation among the Igbo of Southeast Nigeria, 1900 TO 2015 (Published)
From the pre-colonial era to date (2015) the challenge of capital formation (finance) among Africans, especially those in the rural communities, cannot be overemphasized. Lack of capital adversely affected the growth of economic activities, which also negatively impacted on the standard of living of the people, leading to inequality, unemployment, and poverty, among others. In Nigeria, colonial and successive governments tried to address this issue without success. They established different types of financial institutions, which more or less served the interests of minority government officials, government employees, elite, and other such groups in the country. For the Igbo of Nigeria, credit contribution clubs were, and still are, veritable sources of capital formation, even before the emergence of colonial rule. In the face of economic challenges, especially in the area of capital formation, credit contribution clubs (Isusu) have been widely used to access funds over modern finance institutions (Banks, Stock exchange, and others). The focus of this work is to bring to the fore the indigenous institution, Isusu, which have been source for pooling capital (funds) for the benefit of the members. The popularity of this informal institution for capital formation amongst the people, even the successful elite, in our area of study will be emphasized. The paper concludes that contribution clubs (Isusu) is one of the non-agrarian pre-colonial institutions for capital formation that contributed immensely to the development of the economic activities of Igbo people. The scope of this paper is the Igbo of Southeast Nigeria. The approach adopted and in writing this work are the descriptive and analytical method. The period covered by the paper is between 1900 and 2015.
Keywords: Capital Formation, Fund, Indigenous, Institution, contribution clubs, pre-colonial, veritable
Jukun-Tiv Relations in the Benue Valley Region: The 2019 Scuffles in Southern Taraba State, Nigeria (Published)
Conflict, in general, is an inevitable part of relationship within and between groups and societies. It is intrinsic and thus natural to human and is expressed in diverse forms, differences in opinion, views and sentiments etc. When conflict occurs, interests are always at stake. The values attached to these interests mostly define the nature and character of such conflict. The most disturbing is the violence that often leaves in its wake several loss of lives, destruction of valuable property and a general sense of insecurity. The 2019 Jukun-Tiv conflict in Wukari assumed such a character with the attendant consequences of violent conflict, fast becoming the “normal” reality of our time. This is not only dangerous and unacceptable, but has formed the basis on which this research work is dedicated to resolving. Through a multi-disciplinary approach, the research attempt an analysis of the nature and character of the 2019 Jukun-Tiv conflict within a broader context of relationship in the Benue Valley Region of Nigeria. At the end, practicable and justifiable processes and ways that would guarantee positive and viable relationship between the Jukun and Tiv are suggested.
Keywords: Colonial, Conflict, Economic, Political, Politics, Relationship, Social, policies, pre-colonial
Jukun-Tiv Relations in the Benue Valley Region: The 2019 Scuffles in Southern Taraba State, Nigeria (Published)
Conflict, in general, is an inevitable part of relationship within and between groups and societies. It is intrinsic and thus natural to human and is expressed in diverse forms, differences in opinion, views and sentiments etc. When conflict occurs, interests are always at stake. The values attached to these interests mostly define the nature and character of such conflict. The most disturbing is the violence that often leaves in its wake several loss of lives, destruction of valuable property and a general sense of insecurity. The 2019 Jukun-Tiv conflict in Wukari assumed such a character with the attendant consequences of violent conflict, fast becoming the “normal” reality of our time. This is not only dangerous and unacceptable, but has formed the basis on which this research work is dedicated to resolving. Through a multi-disciplinary approach, the research attempt an analysis of the nature and character of the 2019 Jukun-Tiv conflict within a broader context of relationship in the Benue Valley Region of Nigeria. At the end, practicable and justifiable processes and ways that would guarantee positive and viable relationship between the Jukun and Tiv are suggested.
Keywords: Colonial, Conflict, Economic, Political, Politics, Relationship, Social, policies, pre-colonial