An Appraisal of Kashmir Conflict (Published)
India and Pakistan fought three wars (1948, 1965, and 1971). In May – June1999, once again Kashmir became the focus of World attention when India and Pakistan fought a limited war in Kargil heights located in the valley. Kashmirissue has been discussed many times between India and Pakistan. On 2 July 1972 Shimla accord, signed by Indra Ghandiand Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. On21 February 1999 the x-Prime minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif and Atal Behari Vajpayeesinged Lahore declaration .In July 2001 General Pervaz Musharaf visited India and attended Agra summit. When GeneralPervaz Musharaf took over the control of Pakistan, he changed the Kashmir policy, after9/11 Kashmir issue turned into anew and critical direction. India says Pakistan involves in terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir and on the other hand Pakistan without of the opinion and says that Kashmiris are fighting for their self-determination.
Keywords: Foreign Policy, Kashmir, Pakistan
POLITICAL ROLE OF BUREAUCRACY AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN KHAIRPUR (1947-1980) (Published)
This article is focussed on the role of post-colonial bureaucracy in a former princely state Khairpur (Pakistan). It is argued that the bureaucracy treated people in a similar way the colonial bureaucracy dealt with people of British India. This paper also argues that the post-colonial bureaucracy has played largely a political role since the inception of Pakistan in 1947. During the One-Unit Scheme (1955-1970) it became a tool to monopolise power, dominate people and control the resources in a similar way the colonial bureaucracy did it in British India. Thus, the post-colonial bureaucracy failed to appreciate the formation of new public space and the emergence of rural change as an outcome of technological change in agriculture.
Keywords: Civil Bureaucracy, Colonial Rule, Ethnicity, Khairpur, Pakistan, Politicisation, Reforms, Sindh, social change