The Enforcement of the WTO Dispute Settlement Decisions According To the ECJ (Published)
Our article deals with the enforcement of WTO Dispute Settlement Decisions according to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Bearing in mind the singular nature of the European Community ( due to its political and legal structure), it is important to study first the relationship between the WTO and the EC and then the status of WTO Decisions in the case of Dispute Settlement between one of European Community Member States and another State. To understand the legal effects of WTO Dispute Settlement Decisions on ECJ, we had to study practical Cases laws that exemplify the position of ECJ towards WTO Decisions. The analytical and practical study of this topic allowed us to come up with some criticism on the ECJ’s approach on the WTO Dispute Settlement system.
Keywords: Dispute Settlement Decisions, International law, Trade Law, WTO, direct effect., law cases, the ECJ, the GATT
Temporary Protection of the Refugee under International Law (Published)
the world is endowed with many conflicts generating a large number of refugees, who flee the unsafe and insecurity places looking for a refuge in a very safe where they can at least enjoy their rights, so, in order to make refugees feel not abandoned ,states at the international level have set in place international instruments relating to the status of the refugees: the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocols ratified by 134 States respectively establishing a certain number of provisions for the wellbeing of refugees away from their country of origin, the way they should be treated being out of their habitual residence, that is why based on these international legal instruments we could say that refugees are matters of international law, to the extent they derive from one of the accepted trio of international law sources, treaties ,customs or general principles of law .so international refugee law ,which governs refugee protection as a branch of international law has been and still in the center of debates among scholars trying to find out Good solutions for the Protection of the refugees, then at least in law, temporary protection is already the universal norm. The intention here is to highlight the very position of international law concerning temporary protection of the refugees, and some challenges that states have been facing during the protection of the refugees, and some states behaviors during repatriation which breach the international law related to the refugees, temporary protection is a valuable norm in that it codifies a commitment to ensuring the safety and dignity of refugees until they are able to return to their own states.
Keywords: Country of origin, International law, Return, Temporary protection, international refugee law, refugees, repatriation
LEGAL STATUS OF THE CASPIAN SEA IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (Published)
The legal status of Caspian Sea has caused a lot of disputes since former USSR dissolution in 1993. The littoral states of this basin have been affected by political and legal views which stated in international relations between these countries.There are different and controversial doctrines amonglittoral states which caused deep separation between them. Also, different seminars and conferences have been held to find a positive solution for dividing this International Lake, the legal system and limitation of every littoral state have been remained as a dilemma.
Keywords: Caspian Sea, International law, legal system, littoral states