Comparative Evaluation of Conventional and Nanotechnology-Based Semisolid Formulations for Topical Antioxidant Delivery: A Review (Published)
The skin is continuously exposed to oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet radiation, environmental pollutants, and endogenous metabolic processes, leading to premature aging and various dermatological disorders. Antioxidants such as vitamins E and C, along with plant-derived polyphenolic extracts, play a crucial role in neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintaining skin homeostasis (Poljšak et al., 2013; Pullar, Carr, & Vissers, 2021). However, their effective topical delivery remains challenging due to instability, limited solubility, and poor skin penetration in conventional semisolid formulations. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the development of innovative delivery systems capable of overcoming these limitations (Mukherjee et al., 2021; Patel et al., 2013). This article presents a comparative analysis of conventional and nanotechnology-based semisolid formulations for topical antioxidant delivery, focusing on physicochemical properties, stability, antioxidant activity, and skin permeation performance. The findings provide evidence-based guidance for optimizing topical antioxidant formulations in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.
Keywords: Antioxidants, Nanotechnology, semisolid formulations, skin delivery, stability