Concentration and Comparison of Groundwater Quality in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria (Published)
The paper examined the concentrations of heavy metals and microbial parameters in groundwater and were compared to World Health Organisation (WHO)guidelines and National Standard for Drinking Water Quality standard. A total of 800 boreholes and wells water samples were purposefully and systematically collected in the metropolis and subjected to laboratory analysis where mean concentration values of Cadmium, Chromium, Zinc, Iron, Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Copper, Manganese, Total Coliform count and Escherichia coli were determined in line with APHA 1998 standard procedures. The T- test statistical analysis, p<0.05 results showed that there were high and low significant variations between the concentrations values of heavy metals with WHO and NSDWQ permissible limits especially during wet season while microbial parameters only showed high significant variations except Zinc, Mercury, and Arsenic recorded no significant differences. The study therefore drew inference that wastewater and geomorphic processes contribute significantly to groundwater contaminations in the metropolis and recommends public education and enlightenment, strong legislation, provision of standard water treatment plants, adoption sustainable environmental concepts, attitudinal change, good drainage system should strictly be adhered to in order to harness good drinkable water potentials.
Citation: Mshelia S.S. and Bulama L. (2023) Concentration and Comparison of Groundwater Quality in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria, British Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol.11, No.2, pp.,23-35
Keywords: Groundwater, Heavy Metals, infiltration and concentration, wastewater
Concentration and Comparison of Groundwater Quality in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria (Published)
The paper examined the concentrations of heavy metals and microbial parameters in groundwater and were compared to World Health Organisation (WHO)guidelines and National Standard for Drinking Water Quality standard. A total of 800 boreholes and wells water samples were purposefully and systematically collected in the metropolis and subjected to laboratory analysis where mean concentration values of Cadmium, Chromium, Zinc, Iron, Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Copper, Manganese, Total Coliform count and Escherichia coli were determined in line with APHA 1998 standard procedures. The T- test statistical analysis, p<0.05 results showed that there were high and low significant variations between the concentrations values of heavy metals with WHO and NSDWQ permissible limits especially during wet season while microbial parameters only showed high significant variations except Zinc, Mercury, and Arsenic recorded no significant differences. The study therefore drew inference that wastewater and geomorphic processes contribute significantly to groundwater contaminations in the metropolis and recommends public education and enlightenment, strong legislation, provision of standard water treatment plants, adoption sustainable environmental concepts, attitudinal change, good drainage system should strictly be adhered to in order to harness good drinkable water potentials.
Keywords: Groundwater, Heavy Metals, infiltration and concentration, wastewater
Hydrogeochemical Processes of Groundwater from Basement Complex Rocks in Keffi, Central Nigeria (Published)
Hydrochemical study of groundwater was done in a typical Basement Complex terrain to identify geochemical evolution of the resource and possible quality issues. In addition to water samples, overburden and fresh rock samples were analyzed for major ion concentration. Relative abundance of these ions in groundwater was compared to their concentrations in the weathered and fresh rock. Conventional graphical plots (Gibbs, Piper, and ionic ratio plots) of ionic concentrations in the groundwater were used to characterize water Facies and identify major processes responsible for the ionic assemblage. The study area is underlain by two main rock types, schist and gneiss. Relative abundance of major cations in groundwater is in the order: Ca2+> Mg2+ > Na+> K+ while relative abundance of major anions is in the order: Cl–> HCO3–> CO32- >SO42-. In comparison, a depletion in the concentration of calcium, magnesium and sodium was observed in the weathered zone while being enriched in the fresh rock. This indicates the possibility of the ions being leached by infiltrating/percolating groundwater. Physical parameters indicate that pH of groundwater ranges from 5.6 to 13.1; TDS is also high ranging from 146.10mg/l and 9146.00mg/l. The main water type identified is mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type; others are Na-Cl, mixed Ca-Na-HCO3, and Ca-HCO3 types. Results of the analysis indicate that the main sources of ions into the groundwater are from water rock interaction i.e. dissolution and leaching from silicate minerals in the study area. Ground water is a mixture of the multiple processes involved in its evolution but especially that mineralogy of the aquifers plays an important role in determining the water chemistry. Most sampling points were hand dug wells and boreholes for domestic use; the high TDS and alkalinity of the water therefore presents some quality concerns.
Keywords: Basement Complex, Groundwater, Keffi, hydrogeochemical
Groundwater Quality Mapping In Ikot Abasi Using Geographic Information System (GIS) (Published)
In this work, the GIS Software Quantum 1.7.0 was used to analyse and create groundwater contoured maps for Ikot Abasi. Five groundwater samples were collected and analysed for some physical parameters (pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids) and trace metals (aluminum, zinc, manganese, chlorine, copper). The physical properties were measured directly using HQ40D multi-parameter, while the trace metals were determined using atomic emission spectroscopy. The water parameters of concern were aluminum and manganese because they had marked departure from the WHO standard. The aluminum values in the area ranged from 0.2 mg/l to 0.4 mg/l, with an average value of 0.34 mg/l which is above the WHO limit of 0.2 mg/l. The manganese values in the area ranged from 2.13 mg/l to 2.18 mg/l, with an average value of 2.16 mg/l which is above the WHO limit of 0.1 mg/l. Treatment measures should be considered to reduce the concentration of these metals.
Keywords: Groundwater, Trace Metals, WHO, ikot abasi
Groundwater Quality Mapping in Ikot Abasi Using Geographic Information System (GIS) (Published)
In this work, the GIS Software Quantum 1.7.0 was used to analyse and create groundwater contoured maps for Ikot Abasi. Five groundwater samples were collected and analysed for some physical parameters (pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids) and trace metals (aluminum, zinc, manganese, chlorine, copper). The physical properties were measured directly using HQ40D multi-parameter, while the trace metals were determined using atomic emission spectroscopy. The water parameters of concern were aluminum and manganese because they had marked departure from the WHO standard. The aluminum values in the area ranged from 0.2 mg/l to 0.4 mg/l, with an average value of 0.34 mg/l which is above the WHO limit of 0.2 mg/l. The manganese values in the area ranged from 2.13 mg/l to 2.18 mg/l, with an average value of 2.16 mg/l which is above the WHO limit of 0.1 mg/l. Treatment measures should be considered to reduce the concentration of these metals.
Keywords: Groundwater, Trace Metals, WHO, ikot abasi
Assessment of Heavy Metals in Ground Water Sources in Agona District in the Central Region of Ghana. (Published)
This study was done to determine the concentration of trace metals in groundwaters in the Agona East district of the Central region of Ghana. Ground water samples were collected from 3 hand dug wells and 15 boreholes in the study area. All samples were analyzed for seven trace metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cd, Al) using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of the trace metals from the various areas range from 0.824 to 0.1.122 mg/L for Cu; 0.116 to 0.312 mg/L for Zn; <0.002 to 0.364 mg/L for Cr; <0.006 to 0.065 mg/L for Mn; 0.156 to 1.236 mg/L for Fe; <0.002 to 0.028 mg/L for Cd and 1.44 to 3.188 mg/L for Al. Four of the trace metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, and Cd) had their concentrations within the WHO standards for drinking water. Aluminium, Iron and chromium had their values above the WHO limits at most of the sampling sites.
Keywords: Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), Concentration, Groundwater, Toxicity, Trace Metals
Assessment of Heavy Metals in Ground Water Sources in Agona District in the Central Region of Ghana (Published)
This study was done to determine the concentration of trace metals in groundwaters in the Agona East district of the Central region of Ghana. Ground water samples were collected from 3 hand dug wells and 15 boreholes in the study area. All samples were analyzed for seven trace metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cd, Al) using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of the trace metals from the various areas range from 0.824 to 0.1.122 mg/L for Cu; 0.116 to 0.312 mg/L for Zn; <0.002 to 0.364 mg/L for Cr; <0.006 to 0.065 mg/L for Mn; 0.156 to 1.236 mg/L for Fe; <0.002 to 0.028 mg/L for Cd and 1.44 to 3.188 mg/L for Al. Four of the trace metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, and Cd) had their concentrations within the WHO standards for drinking water. Aluminium, Iron and chromium had their values above the WHO limits at most of the sampling sites.
Keywords: Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), Concentration, Groundwater, Toxicity, Trace Metals