The Troponymy and the Way to Research Troponymy in Vietnamese Verb

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INTRODUCTION
Each language, in the vocabulary system in general and the verb vocabulary system in particular, troponymy is one of the most important types of semantic relationships.When considering the semantic relationships of the lexical system, the troponymy is a type of semantic relationship that only exists in the verb system, a system expressed through three main semantic relationships such as: troponymy (quan hệ cách), causonymy (quan hệ nhân quả) and entailment (quan hệ suy ra).If the subordination relation in the noun system is often organized into a single network in which people can trace back to the highest parent concept (entity), then the troponymy of the unique nature system, verb systems are often organized into many different small relationship networks, corresponding to different word groups or vocabulary areas.For example, the semantic relationship between lexical units such as: moving and going, runnung, jumping, swimming, walking….;learning and learning online / learning offline/ learning by heart/ experienced learning (STEAM)/ practical learning…

Theoretical underpinning
In the world People know that, the troponymy can be said to be a relationship that extends between hypernym and troponyms.This is the most basic and important type of semantich relationship in the verb system.Therefore, troponymy is always considered one of the basic and core issues in semantic research in general and lexical semantics in particular.The number of lexical units with troponymy in each language usually accounts for about 30% of the total vocabulary.[Pham Van Lam,20] Before the 1970s, troponymy was often understood through a general concept of hyponymy or inclusion.But since the 1970s, this semantic relationship (troponymy) has been separated from the hyponymy or inclusion, and researchers viewed it as a separate, characteristic, inherent type of semantic relationship of the verb system in each language.Currently, people understand that the troponymy is the relationship between lexical units in the verb system (jump -jump far / jump high / jump pole...).The current troponymy can be said to be not only a typical semantic relationship of the verb vocabulary system, but also the most important semantic relationship among semantic relationships at the word level in general and more specifically, it is semantic relationships of verbs in particular.

Approaches to study troponymy in Vietnamese
Around the world, the study of semantic relationships in the vocabulary system in general and troponyme in particular has been carried out for a long time.This research does not stop at traditional semantic relationships such as synonymy, antonymy, etc., but it is now more complex, multidimensional, and has gone much further.Linguists have focused on studying other important semantic relationships in the system of lexical units such as: hyponymy, troponymy... (Lyons, 1977;Cruse, 1986;Murphy, 2003…).In particular, when word network theory was born (Miller, 1990;Vossen, 1998), the study of semantic relationships was raised to a new level.It can be said that research works have been and are being carried out.operate in a systematic way.This article focuses on learning about troponymy in Vietnamese from the perspective of researchers of grammar, semantics and pragmatics.

Troponymy in the study of grammar
Traditional grammar (such as structuralist grammar) considers verb meaning mainly concerned with grammatical structure without paying much attention or even ignoring consideration of the semantics of the verb; Functional grammar is also only concerned with the meaning of verbs within the research framework of semantic roles expressing grammatical functions; Cognitive grammar chooses an inward-looking approach to study semantics but still only stops at describing and considering predicate meaning through classifying verbs into groups with grammatical similarities.
In terms of vocabulary, troponymy is related to the study of word formation, from description to classification of word formation.Vietnamese linguists often use terms such as predicate, predicate verb, verb phrase... Nguyen Tai Can, in the work Vietnamese Grammar (1975), considered words from a grammatical perspective but applying semantic criteria and calling them according to semantic terms are compound words with different meanings; As for Do Huu Chau, who studies from a lexical-semantic perspective, he uses grammatical criteria and calls them isotopic compounds and main-subordinate compounds... while Ho Le in his work Modern Vietnamese word formation (2003) has introduced ways to identify the difference between word formation methods such as: compound words, parallel words, main and secondary compounds...By synthesizing and system of standards for classifying word types, Dinh Van Duc in his work Vietnamese Grammar, Word Types (2001), has succeeded in providing a way to divide word types in the Vietnamese vocabulary system effectively.
In terms of syntax, grammarians divide verbs largely according to intransitive or transitive criteria.Considering from a traditional grammatical standpoint (with the appearance of a standard syntax), Nguyen Kim Than (1977) can be considered the grammar researcher with the most research interest in the spoken Vietnamese verb system in general through a separate research project Verbs in Vietnamese (1977).He divided verbs from the perspective of intransitive and transitive verbs.He relied on the meaning of the verbs to further divide them according to the type of structure into four groups: pure verbs (eat, talk, cry, laugh...), complex verbs (travel, teach, threaten...), phase verbs (discuss, pick apart, solicit...) and compound verbs (drop, break, mumble...).He examined verb meaning from the perspective of how specific verb structure is; What is the type of structure and he introduced the concept of reduced form of verbs, identifying some pairs of verbs that can be inverted such as: buy and sell/ sell buy; loan repayment/loan repayment; import/export, fight/struggle... or combinations of verbs created by using alliteration such as :buy buy sell sell, go back and forth, up and down...All of his findings are all valuable in identifying problems related to troponymy.
In addition to dividing verbs according to intransitive and transitive criteria, grammarians also use division according to topic and purpose of speech to continue studying verbs in more detail and specifically.Accordingly, Cao Xuan Hao (2000), when researching predicates, he focused on classifying them according to their semantic roles.Therefore, predicates classified according to their expressive meanings are divided into five groups: action predicates, transitive predicates.process, positional predicates, state predicates and modal predicates and he also reviewed and proposed a way to classify predicates into groups and classes according to specific detailed fields.For example, with the group of action predicates, he divided them into subgroups such as: transitional action predicates (chop, roll, punch, beat, press, skim...); predicate of destruction (smear, wipe, destroy, erase, erase...), predicate of movement (get up, kick, force...), predicate of movement (crawl, run, walk...), predicate of perception (learn , watch, look, see...), the status predicate group has sub-groups: mood predicates (busy, angry, angry, loving, loving...), physical status predicates (fat, dumb, stunted, blind , Strong…).Cao Xuan Hao's classification is quite detailed and has provided a way to identify sub-groups of predicates, an approach quite close to troponyms in terms of criteria for identifying words included in troponyms.However, this is a way to identify subgroups of predicates to facilitate the study of sentences from the perspective of a grammarian based on classifying predicates with the same meaning into a subgroup, not considering them at all.Consider grouping predicates based on purely semantic criteria or semantic relationships between words.It can be said that Cao Xuan Hao is the first grammar researcher to value and promote the role of semantics in identifying groups of word-type units (predicates) in his research.His use of the semantic function of verbs in grammatical research has made significant contributions to the development of semantic research in general and the study of phrasal relations in particular.
Although the traditional grammar approach does not study semantic relationships, it also addresses them indirectly through the study, description and classification of verbs.Although grammar researchers have not been able to explain and clarify semantic relations in general and phrasal relations in particular, research works on vocabulary have also addressed the issue in the most natural way.Specifically, issues related to verb structure.Therefore, to some extent, the approach of traditional grammar is also indirectly related to semantic relationships because vocabulary -semantics and grammatical structures have a certain interference.It can be said that the grammatical approach is the foundation for the study of semantic relations to be later deployed in more specific aspects and perspectives.

Troponymy in the study of grammar
According to some researchers in the post-1990s period, semantics is a tool for thinking and perceiving the world.They pay attention to establishing types and categories rather than establishing categories and taxonomies, paying attention to folk conventions, experiential knowledge, emotions and pragmatics in studying meaning.They propose three main functions in linguistic research: establishing the primacy of meaning in descriptive analysis, paying attention to establishing vocabulary to exploit the vocabulary, and paying attention to the internal structure of types and categories.along with their diverse combinations.They have given the positional characteristics of semantic features as well as the values (systematic value, functional value) of semantic features when referring to the essential properties of verbs.For example: walking (the activity of moving, continuously, with short steps, lifting up and putting down) or running (the activity of moving, continuously, with long, fast, strong steps).The main meaning is the activity of moving, which is a necessary condition to determine that go and run are verbs indicating movement.This is a necessary and sufficient condition to distinguish it from verbs that do not belong to the group of verbs of motion.The remaining two secondary meanings are separate meanings to clearly distinguish the difference between the activities of walking and running, which are two words with the same way of the hypernym moving.
Structural linguists, when using the elemental analysis method to study meaning, have shown that word meanings include meanings, meanings include meanings; This has helped describe and express word meanings in a detailed, specific, and intuitive way.These are aspects of the limits of choice.Initially, they had a clear distinction between marking meaning and distinguishing meaning.For example: babbleis the verb to say/ Some researchers in lexical semantics have argued for a model of sentence meaning in which verbs occupy a core position and function as the central organizing organ of the sentence.Accordingly, they believe that the verb will determine the semantic frame of the sentence.The association of elements around it determines the different meanings of the events or states expressed, and the selection constraints specify the semantic properties of the noun classes.Fillmore (1986) used the term framework and Lakoff (1987)  In Vietnamese linguistics, going back through the history of research on semantic relationships, we see that traditional semantic relationships such as synonymy and antonymy… have been mentioned and studied by many people in textbooks on words.vocabulary -semantics like the works of authors: Nguyen Van Tu (1968); Do Huu Chau (1975);; Le Quang Thiem (2008); Nguyen Lai (2001)... and especially in-depth research on semantics, which have had separated monographs on one of these semantic relationships, such as Vietnamese Synonyms by author Nguyen Duc Ton (2003), from Vietnamese Antonyms by Pham Van Lam (2020) ... Some typical authors and works can be listed clearly as: Nguyen Van Tu (1968) in his research on Vietnamese vocabulary pointed out that the lexical meaning of words is determined by interacting factors such as the attributes of the object, the concept of the object and the system.Linguistic systems help express meaning.
In his work, Hoang Phe (2003) pointed out that "Each word meaning is a special combination of semantic elements, called semantic features... Meaning features" are common semantic elements for the meaning of words.words belonging to the same group of words, or specific to the meaning of one word, as opposed to the meaning of other words in the same group."[p.4].Analyzing word meaning into meanings requires following a certain principle, not arbitrarily.Between the meanings "advisingsomeone -not to do something -for some reason" there is a certain logical relationship, "the preceding meaning is the premise for the following meaning (...) [Hoang Phe, 2003, p. 11].For example: (don't: advise -someone -not to do something -for some reason) and (shouldn't: advise -someone -not to do something -for some reason [definitive idea]).
Here, the way to analyze meanings in groups (advise, don't, shouldn't...) under the approach of troponymy will be shown as following.In the group of verbs with a dative relationship (advise -don't/ shouldn't...), don't is a way to advise someone not to do something (expressing the idea of preventing in a general way), while shouldn't is a way to advise someone not to do something.That shouldn't be done (expressing the intention to prevent it decisively).Thus, don't or shouldn't are both words of the word how to advise or discourage, or in other words "don't and shouldn't" are different expressions of advise and discourage.Hoang Phe's dictionary works clearly show traces of semantic relationships such as troponymy, hypernym... Swimming (bơi) is the hypernym A, in this example A has the troponyms such as: backstroke (bơi ngửa)/ breaststroke (bơi ếch)/ butterfly stroke (bơi bướm) / crawl (bơi sải)/ dog-paddle (bơi chó)/ side stroke (bơi nghiêng) freestyle (bơi tự do).Belong to the troponyme, we can understand the semantic relationship between Swimming and backstroke/ breaststroke/ butterfly stroke/ crawl/ dog-paddle/ side stroke/ freestyle… (bơibơi ngửa/ bơi ếch/ bơi bướm/ bơi sải/ bơi chó/ bơi nghiêng/ bơi tự do…) like that.The meaning of Swimming (travel through water) is the hypernym and the the troponym is the meaning of each word: backstroke/ breaststroke/ butterfly stroke/ crawl/ dog-paddle/ side stroke/ freestyle…Under the troponyme, backstroke/ breaststroke/ butterfly stroke/ crawl/ dog-paddle/ side stroke/ freestyle… are the diffirent manners to impliment the action "swimming"; or The poeple have many ways/ strokes to swim such as: backstroke/ breaststroke/ butterfly stroke/ crawl/ dog-paddle/ side stroke/ freestyle… In this case, the meaning of B plays the role to give more detail meaning to the meaning of A in the meaning of the compound AB From another perspective, Nguyen Duc Ton (2006) introduced the concept of nuances of basic meaning in Vietnamese vocabulary when naming conceptual synonyms and stylistic synonyms. .For example: help, assistance, support are stylistic synonyms but they differ in basic meaning.In many cases, help, assistance, and support can be used interchangeably: helping (assisting/supporting) each other in times of difficulty; ready to help (assist / support) poor students to overcome difficulties.But there are also many cases where they cannot completely replace each other: say "help them improve their thinking well" do not say "assist (support) them to reform their thinking well"; say "technical help (support)" not "technical support".Here, the pair (help -support) in Nguyen Duc Ton's analysis, under the approach of troponyms, can be understood as follows.If help is the word, then assistance and support are two of its words.That means mutual assistance is a way of helping and support is also a way of helping.Mutual aid and support are the same action of helping each other, but support also has the additional meaning of helping in addition.This is the meaning to differentiate the two verbs of help and support.
In his in-depth work on word formation, Ho Le (2003) studied Vietnamese word formation in great detail based on the concept of infinitives proposed by himself.He believes that the infinitive is the basic grammatical unit from which single words and prefixes (compound words, compound words) are created.He offers many ways to approach problems that are close to qualitative relationships.For example, he classified Vietnamese compound words into small, very strict semantic systems such as: single words, compund words and alliterative expressions.For example: the meaning of mesmerized (mê) is (an alliterative expressions) in group (mê -mê mải, mê man, mê muội) and the meaning of grumpy (gắt) in group (gắt -gắt gao/ gắt gỏng).If we classify this group of words from the perspective of the troponymy, which can be understood as follows mesmerized (mê) is the hypernym and (mê mải, mê man, mê muội) are the troponyms of the word mesmerized (mê).In other word, mê mải, mê man, mê muội are different ways of expressing the state of mesmerized (mê) Similarly in the group (harsh -harsh / grumpy), harsh is the word that has two words: harsh / grumpy.In other word, harsh and grumpy are two ways of expressing the action of being harsh.He introduced the phenomenon of approaching the troponym, and paid attention to the phenomenon of stuttering expressed in verb formation, making an important contribution to identifying and pointing out that it is a troponym.
One of the Vietnamese linguists who has many research works on semantics, Hoang Van Hanh ed.(with Nguyen Van Khang, Ha Quang Nang) (1991,1998) studied Vietnamese words in a quite comprehensive, detailed and complete way by looking at words from the angles of concepts such as: morphology , compound words, structure, conversion...He mentioned "approaching the lexical system from a semantic perspective".

METHODOLOGY
The article focused on an overview of research on the issue from different approaches.Specifically, the researched areas related to the troponymy in Vietnamese linguistics such as grammar, semantics… are also emphasized and clarified to help the readers can have an overall view of the research history of the troponymy in Vietnamese.I did used the methods of description, of elemental analysis, of statistics and of classification to understand and study the troponymy in the colleted verbs.Besides the above general research methods, I did also use some other method such as: statistical methods, comparison, classification, philological analysis, contextual analysis, reference analysis, comparative analysis...They will also be used in appropriate position.Each research method will be applied for a specific task and purpose.I collected the materials for research, that are the verbs and their denitions in the dictionary, in which contains troponymy; Specifically, the lexical units in the verb vocabulary system are collected in reputable literary dictionary.(Vietnamese Dictionary by Hoang Phe (2008)) to ensure the quality of materrial in my article.

FINDING SOME NOTICES ABOUT TROPONYME
Vietnamese is a non-transformative language; The main lexical mechanism of Vietnamese is compounding.The compounding mechanism is a strong mechanism in Vietnamese; lexical units with the size of two syllables become mainly formed by this mechanism.Among about 40,000 lexical units collected by Vietnamese dictionaries, there are about 22,000 parallel word combinations in which both elements that make up them have meaning (out of a total of about 30,000 parallel combinations).(Pham Van Lam, 2017).In the bisyllabic word combinations in which both elements have meaning, there can be many different types of semantic relationships (between A and B, or A, B and AB), for example: hyponymy (dog: wolf, perch, pet, puppy...), hypernymy (hair, face, nose, eyes, ears ,,,), troponymy (smiling: polite smile, forced smile/ snee/ grin/ smirk/ lopsided smile/ closed-mouth smile/ dimpled smile/ Mona Lisa smile…) merohymy (sleep and dream; threwing and breaking), role relationships (cold shirt, raincoat...), synonymous relationships (beautiful, nice...), antonyms (life and death, birth and death...).These relationships are basic and important in the lexical organization of the language in general and in the organization of bisyllabic word combinations in particular.
Studying troponymy in the Vietnamese verb system, we must pay special attention to the lexical units produced by the compounding mechanism.If we pay attention to this issue, we can get a completely different, useful, explanatory, and satisfactory clue to describe the Vietnamese word formation system from a semantic perspective (through semantic relationship concepts such as hypernymy, troponymy, merohymy...), in addition to describing from a purely grammatical perspective.(Pham Van Lam, 2020).We need to pay attention to the following important issues:

Coordinated compound word (ghép đẳng lập)
Let A and B be the elements that make up the compound word AB.Based on the criteria of semantic relationship between A and B, we have the following important types of compound words (The order of the types of compound words AB is the arrangement in the order of more or less words).Base on the figure from top to bottom of each type of the coordinated compound AB, we show some following types

Type 1. A and B are at the same logical level but are synonymous, close in meaning to each other such as:
Yêu thích; (yêu: to love; thích: to like) Nhòm ngó: (nhòm: to see; ngó: to glance) Tìm kiếm: (tìm: to look; kiếm: to seek) Ước nguyện (ước: wish, nguyện: prase) In this type the meaning of AB always belongs to both elements A and B meaning.Because they are synonymous.So the meaning of AB is the hypernym

Type 2. A and B are of the same logical level but are not synonymous:
In these second type the meaning of AB sometimes belongs to the first element A meaning, sometimes belongs to the second element B meaning, sometimes belongs to both elements A and B meaning.A is an element with a clear meaning and B is an element that people often call ambiguous or meaningless in synchronic terms (and is synonymous with A in diachronic terms): hỏi han: (hỏi: to ask or give questions, han: meaningless) làm lụng: (làm: to work, lụng: meaningless) viết lách: (viết: to write, lách: meaningless) In this case the meaning of AB belongs to the A meaningthe clear meaning element.Anh the meaning of AB is the hypernym.Type 6.A and B are both words that belong to the same word synchronously, but do not have a dependent relationship with AB; A and B have broken away from their semantics to form AB following the path of either metaphor or metonymy as traditionally called: The meaning of AB (thêu dệt) in this case is not concerning to troponymy.So we only give example.
In summary, if we use semantic relationships to consider the relationship between the elements that make up a coordinated compound word, the relationship between each element that makes up a coordinated compound word meaning.The semantic relationships such as memorymy or en taillment… even though they are identical in some aspects, cannot be present in the system of coordinated compound words.
Researching troponymys in the Vietnamese verb system must pay special attention to lexical units with coordinated compound structures like this.If there is a relationship between A and B and between A, B and AB.how they treat each other semantically (which element is a hypernym, which element is troponym...).For examle to make clear in showing hypernym and troponym in the type 2 such as: in Vietnamese the meaning of "ăn uống" in general is called the hypernym; the meaning of ăn/ uống is called the troponym; the meaning of "làm ăn" is the troponym of the hypernym "work"; the meaning of "ăn học" is the troponym of the hypernym "learn" … The compound word (Từ ghép chính phụ) Compound words in Vietnamese in this article are the special compound words such as motorbike, white horse, wind power, sun power, green bird, white bird, cry-weep, exclaim, cry, cry out, outcry, blazon…and compound words with different meanings such as light red, clear white, bright yellow, sea blue,,..The other compound words group only exists in the adjective system, therefore, studying troponymy in Vietnamese vocabulary does not need to pay attention to this type of compound words.We only need to pay attention to the types of compound words in verb lexical.For example: Smile -polite smile, forced smile/ snee/ grin/ smirk/ lopsided smile/ closed-mouth smile/ dimpled smile/ Mona Lisa smile… For this type of compound words, the meaning of AB can be the meaning of A meaning; or of both A-and B meaning.Regardless of the order, the issue of semantic treatment between A and B or between A, B and AB (which element is the hyponym element, which element is the troponym element...) must also be resolved, be set out, be paid attention to and be handled appropriately.wandering, all thay have the troponyme: laugh having an attribute/property/state is smiling, chewing has an attribute/property/state which is gobbling, speaking has an attribute/property/state which is fluency, shouting has an attribute/ the property/ state is roaring, walking has the property/ property/ state of being slow, walking and leisurely etc.However, in history and in practical using, words denoting attributes have changed their function from indicating pure attributes (without process meaning) to indicating process + attribute.At this time, between the word denoting the process and the word denoting the original attribute, there has been a change in semantic relationship value; Attributive words have been considered a troponym in relation to the hypernym: chewing or gobbling may be considered a troponym of the hypernym eating, chatty is a troponym in relation to the above troponym talking, leisurely is a troponym in the form of the troponym going…

DISCUSSION
During my research, I have two issue, which I would like to make clear: + How to give the definition of verb more and more clear to the beginner student + How to make net of the semantic relationships in Vietnamese verbs step by step effectively

Implication to Research and Practice:
In this article, I can describe the briefly summary of Troponym in Vietnamese as following: There are some semantic relations in the verb system such as: hypernymy, troponymy and entailment… In which: hypernymy: the verb A is a hypernym of the verb B if the activity A is a (kind of) B (to perceive is a hypernym of to listen); troponymy: the verb A is a troponym of the verb B if the activity B is doing A in some manner (to lisp is a troponym of to talk, to glanze is a troponym of to see, to run is a troponym of to move); entailment: the verb A is entailed by the verb B if by doing B you must be doing A (to sleep is entailed by to snore; to throw is entailed by to break) …This article focus on troponymy.
The tropponymy is the type of relationship found in lexical units such as look -watch/ read/ glance/ glare...; movewalk/ run/ crawl/ go; go -stroll / shuffle…This is the most important type of backbone relationship in the Vietnamese verb system in particular and in the systems of other languages in general.
That is the relationship between the superordinate (hyponym) and the superordinate (troponym) with each other like: sell and wholesale / retail / sell weight / sell on credit / sell short / sell off … In this example, sell is the hypernym, and wholesale/ retail/ sell weight/ sell on credit/ sell short/ sell off are the words; This case is logically equivalent to each other in relation to the word sell, so it is also called a cotroponym.

CONCLUSION
It can be affirmed that, in terms of language, troponymy is the most important type of relations in the vocabulary system of each language in general and in the Vietnamese verb vocabulary system in particular.For example, the meaning of call and the meaning of: yell, scream, holler, hollo, squall, call out, shout, shout out have troponyme, as well as the meaning of the group cry -(weep, exclaim, cry out, outcry, blazon out).In which, weep/ exclaim/ cry out/ outcry/ blazon out is the diffirent manner to impliment action of crying.Or the troponyms such as: yell, scream, holler, hollo, squall, call out, shout, shout out are the troponyms of the hypernym calling.Or the troponymy between (see and consider/ reckon/ view/ regard/ watch/ view/ catch/ take in…) and the troponymy of (watch and look/ ascertain/ visit/ attend/ take care…In terms of thinking and psychology, the troponymy is closely linked to the process of perceiving and categorizing the real world.The troponymy is always present in all activities associated with ways of organization, storing, processing, and human perception in the fields of administration, classification, and searching for information in many areas of human life... Therefore, although this semantic relationship has only just been officially studied in linguistics (second half of the 20th century), but it has gone through a long history of indirect research in previous related studies of other scientific disciplines.Today.troponymy is also researched by many scientific disciplines, and are applied in many practical activities.Therefore, not only in the world but also in Vietnam, information technology engineers, especially computer linguistic programmers, speechpsychological therapists,... have also devoted their paying special attention to troponymy and gradually approaching the study of this important semantic relation in a systematicand extensive way.

Future Research
I would like to study more about: + The other semantic relationship in Vietnamese verb lexical + Study all of verbs system in Vietnamese… + How to make list of Vietnamese verbs based on the troponymy for the beginner students REFERENCE ://www.eajournals.org/Publication of the European Centre for Research Training and Development-UK 69 ://www.eajournals.org/Publication of the European Centre for Research Training and Development-UK 70 the person doing it is a child/ manner: not speaking clearly, repeating some sounds that are not clearly distinguished.
://www.eajournals.org/Publication of the European Centre for Research Training and Development-UK ://www.eajournals.org/Publication of the European Centre for Research Training and Development-UK 74 ăn uống: (ăn: to eat; uống: todrink) The meaning of AB (ăn uống) belongs to both elements A and B meaning (eat and drink).The meaning of AB (ăn uống) is the hypernym.làm ăn: (làm: to work; ăn: to eat) The meaning of AB (làm ăn) belongs to the first element A meaning (work).The meaning of AB (làm ăn) is the troponym.And the meaning of A is the hypernym ăn chơi/ ăn mặc/ ăn học (ăn: to eat; chơi/ mặc/ học: to play/ to wear/ to learn) The meaning of AB (ăn chơi; ăn mặc; ăn học) belongs to the second element B meaning (to play/to wear/to learn).The meaning of AB is troponym.And the meaning of B is the hypernym Type 3. A, B are opposites with each other đi về: (đi: to go; về: to come back) lên xuống: (lên: to go up; xuống: to go down) ra vào: (ra: to go out; vào: to come in)All the meaning of each A or B elemen in these type 3 are troponym.Eventhough the meaning of AB is also either troponyms in the troponyme with an other hypernym.The meaning of "đi về, ra vào, lên xuống" the the manner of moving.So they are the troponyms of the hypernym moving (di chuyển) like this figure.

Figure
Figure: moving & troponyms di chuyển (moving) ra vào (go out & come in) lên xuống (up & down) đi về (go & back) Thêu:(thêu: to embroider -to produce or form in needlework) [Hoang Phe, 2008] Dệt; (dệt: to weavone of the manner to make a product by hand or by maschine in textil indusstrie) [Hoang Phe, 2008] Thêu dệt: (thêu dệt: is the manner of talking; used to compare the act of fabricating and adding cleverly to make something out of nothing into something, usually with bad intentions) [Hoang Phe, 2008] called it an conceptualized cognitive model.The concept of tryponymy (manner relationship) in English was first mentioned in linguistic research by Christiane Fellbaum and George Miller in their research on English WordNet; Later, this term was first translated into Vietnamese by Pham Van Lam (2014) as troponymy in research works on Vietnamese Word Network.
For example,A often has the value of a compound with B (if B operates independently and in the same category like A) or AB.In this case, B has a relatively broad semantic capacity, helping to distinguish AB from A. B can play many different semantic roles in AB, Example: eating (ăn) in group AB in vietnamese (ăn đũa, ăn hàng, ăn sống, ăn bốc, ăn chùa).Meaning of B supports to give the meaning of AB more and more clear.In this case A is ăn; B is đũa/ hàng/ sống/ bốc/chùa.And eating in ăn đũa means eating by chopsticks in eating chopsticks (as the role of a tool of eating); eating in ăn hàng means eating in restaurant (the role of position for eating); eating in ăn sống means eating the uncooked food (the role of a manner of eating); eating in ăn bốc means using hand to pick up the food during the meal (the role of a manner of eating); and eating in ăn chùa means eating without payment, (the role of a manner of eating).So, B's semantic status will be an important criterion to delineate and explain the meaning and semantic relationship of AB.One more examle, we consider the group of "Swimming and backstroke/ breaststroke/ butterfly stroke/ crawl/ dog-paddle/ side stroke/ freestyle".If we call, swimming (bơi) is the hypernym A, in this example A has the troponyms such as: backstroke (bơi ngửa)/ breaststroke (bơi ếch)/ butterfly stroke (bơi bướm) / crawl (bơi sải)/ dog-paddle (bơi chó)/ side stroke (bơi nghiêng) freestyle (bơi tự do).Belong to the troponyme, we can understand the semantic relationship between Swimming and backstroke/ breaststroke/ butterfly stroke/ crawl/ dog-paddle/ side stroke/ freestyle… (bơibơi ngửa/ bơi ếch/ bơi bướm/ bơi sải/ bơi chó/ bơi nghiêng/ bơi tự do…) like that.The meaning of Swimming (travel through water) is the hypernym and the the troponym is the meaning of each word: backstroke/ breaststroke/ butterfly stroke/ crawl/ dog-paddle/ side stroke/ freestyle…Under the troponyme, backstroke/ breaststroke/ butterfly stroke/ crawl/ dog-paddle/ side stroke/ freestyle… are the diffirent manners to impliment the action "swimming"; or The poeple have many ways/ strokes to swim such as: backstroke/ breaststroke/ butterfly stroke/ crawl/ dog-paddle/ side stroke/ freestyle… In this case, the meaning of B plays the role to give more detail meaning to the meaning of A in the meaning of the compound AB.Conversion (từ chuyển nghĩa)In Vietnamese, the ways to say: He smiles at me, They laugh, He chews voraciously, He gobbles.He talks quickly, He shouts loudly; He walks slowly, He walks step by step... has equivalent value, in turn, with the expressions He smiled at me, He devoured, He chattered, He rumbled, He peaked, He lingered, He panted....